Estudio de la influencia de los ciclos Atkinson y Miller sobre el proceso de combustión y las emisiones contaminantes en un motor Diesel

El objetivo principal de esta investigación ha consistido en determinar y analizar el potencial de los ciclos Atkinson y Miller para reducir el nivel de emisiones contaminantes y el consumo de combustible en un motor Diesel de transporte pesado equipado con un sistema de distribución flexible tanto en condiciones de baja como de alta carga. Esta estrategia ha sido evaluada en combinación con otras más convencionales, como son el retraso en el inicio de la inyección y la reducción en la concentración de oxígeno por medio de la recirculación de gases de escape. La presente tesis se ha desarrollado bajo un enfoque que permite comprender en la medida de lo posible los fenómenos básicos involucrados en los diferentes procesos objeto de estudio, y con ello generalizar al máximo los resultados. Por lo que este análisis se ha planteado desde una perspectiva teórico-experimental combinando diferentes herramientas con el objetivo de maximizar la información. Para la consecución de este objetivo se ha seguido una estructura secuencial donde en primer lugar se ha desarrollado una metodología específica diseñada para planificar adecuadamente las condiciones de operación objeto de estudio. Posteriormente, se han caracterizado las modificaciones introducidas en las condiciones termodinámicas del gas atrapado en el interior del cilindro, sobre el que se desarrolla el proceso de combustión, al implementar tanto un ciclo Atkinson como posteriormente un ciclo Miller. En la siguiente etapa del presente trabajo de investigación se ha realizado un análisis integral del proceso de combustión Diesel, incluyendo el proceso de formación de la mezcla, las características propias del proceso de combustión, la formación de emisiones contaminantes y finalmente el rendimiento térmico para identificar la influencia que los cambios anteriores introducen en estos procesos. Por último, como etapa final se comparan entre sí las diferentes estrategias estudiadas.Novella Rosa, R. (2009). Estudio de la influencia de los ciclos Atkinson y Miller sobre el proceso de combustión y las emisiones contaminantes en un motor Diesel [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6684Palanci

Flow regime effects on non-cavitating injection nozzles over spray behaviour

[EN] This paper deals with the influence of flow regime (laminar, transition or turbulent) on the internal flow behavior, and how it affects the spray development in diesel nozzles. In particular, the research described here aims at studying and quantifying the internal flow regime effects on the spray behavior. With this purpose, internal flow results, based on mass flow rate and momentum flux measurements performed on three different tapered nozzles and which helped to determine the flow regime, has been taken into account as a point of departure for the spray behavior analysis. Thus, in this work, spray macroscopic visualization tests have been performed and analyzed which clearly revealed a change in the behavior of the angle and penetration of the spray related to the change of the flow nature. Moreover, with all the experimental data available, it has been possible to relate macroscopic parameters of the spray with those describing the internal flow (momentum and effective velocity) or the geometry of the nozzle (length or diameter) through correlations. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.This research has been funded in the frame of the Project “Caracterización experimental de la cavitación en el flujo interno e influencia sobre modelos de chorro diésel”, Reference TRA2007-68006-C02-01, from MINISTERIO DE CIENCIA E INNOVACIÓN from Spain. The authors thank José Enrique del Rey for his collaboration in the experimental measurements.Payri, R.; Salvador, F.; Gimeno, J.; Novella Rosa, R. (2011). Flow regime effects on non-cavitating injection nozzles over spray behaviour. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 32(1):273-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2010.10.001S27328432

Impact of the injector design on the combustion noise of gasoline partially premixed combustion in a 2-stroke engine

[EN] In this paper, a numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study is carried out with the purpose of understanding how the injector design may impact on the in-cylinder processes, which cause noise emission. This study is based on a combination of the gasoline partially premixed combustion concept with a new high speed direct injection 2-stroke engine, which emerges as a promising solution able to comply with nitrous oxides and particulate matter emissions standards, while ensuring combustion control and stability. The original engine configuration is varied by modifying the included spray angle and the number of injector nozzles in order to evaluate other design solutions for mitigating combustion noise. Results show that the maximum pressure time-derivative achieved during the combustion is the most influential parameter on the acoustic response of the in-cylinder noise source. However, they also evidence that for some operation conditions the resonance phenomena can enhance their contribution, thus playing a relevant role in the engine noise level. Further analysis allowed to identify three combustion related parameters, which characterise this phenomenon and allow identifying key paths to minimize its levels. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The equipment used in this work has been partially supported by FEDER project funds "Dotacion de infraestructuras cientifico tecnicas para el Centro Integral de Mejora Energetica y Medioambiental de Sistemas de Transporte (CiMeT), (FEDER-ICTS-2012-06)" from the operational program of unique scientific and technical infrastructure of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad. J. Gomez-Soriano is partially supported by an FPI contract (FPI-S2-2016-1353) of the "Programa de Apoyo para la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID-01-16)" of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Broatch, A.; Margot, X.; Novella Rosa, R.; Gómez-Soriano, J. (2017). Impact of the injector design on the combustion noise of gasoline partially premixed combustion in a 2-stroke engine. Applied Thermal Engineering. 119:530-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.03.081S53054011

Internal Combustion Engine Heat Transfer and Wall Temperature Modeling: An Overview

[EN] Internal combustion engines are now extremely optimized, in such ways improving their performance is a costly task. Traditional engine improvement by experimental means is aided by engine thermodynamic models, reducing experimental and total project costs. For those models, accuracy is mandatory in order to offer good prediction of engine performance. Modelling of the heat transfer and wall temperature is an important task concerning the accuracy and the predictions of any engine thermodynamic model, although it is many times an overcome task. In order to perform good prediction of engine heat transfer and wall temperature, models are required for accomplish heat transfer from hot gases to engine parts, heat transfer inside each engine part, and also heat transfer to coolant and lubricating oil. This paper presents an overview about engine heat transfer and wall temperature modelling, with main purpose to aid engine thermodynamic modelling and offer more accurate predictions of engine performance, consumption and emission parameters. The most important correlation are reviewed for three engine heat transfer approaches: gas to wall, wall to wall and wall to liquid heat transfer models. In order to obtain good prediction of wall temperature, those three approaches must be coupled, which may imply convection-conduction-convection problems, although for some applications in diesel engines, radiation problems must be considered.This study was partially funded by CAPES - DEMANDA SOCIAL Ph.D. level scholarship, from CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel).Fonseca, L.; Novella Rosa, R.; Olmeda, P.; Valle, RM. (2019). Internal Combustion Engine Heat Transfer and Wall Temperature Modeling: An Overview. 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Assessment of air management strategies on particulate number and size distributions from a 2-stroke compression-ignition engine operating with gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion concept

[EN] The newly designed partially premixed combustion concept has demonstrated its potential to reduce nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions combined with highly indicated efficiencies. However, it is highly dependent of the ignition characteristics of the fuel and the air/fuel mixture preparation. Therefore, the proper selection of an injection strategy, of the combustion chamber design and of the air management strategy are critical to ensuring successful partially premixed combustion operation in the full engine map. The objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the use of multiple air management strategies over the air/fuel effective equivalence ratio (feff) and cylinder charge reactivity and its consequent impact on particle number emissions and particle size distribution. Tests were carried out in a newly designed 2-stroke high-speed direct-injection compression-ignition engine operating with partially premixed combustion concept using 95-research-octane-number gasoline fuel. A scanning mobility particle sizer was used to measure the size distribution of engine-exhaust particles in the range from 6.3 to 237 nm. Three different steady-state operation modes in terms of indicated mean effective pressure and engine speed were investigated. The experiments showed an increase in the particle number emissions and a progressive shift in the particle size toward larger sizes, increasing the accumulation-mode particles and reducing the nucleation-mode particles with the decrease in the differential pressure between intake and exhaust (DP) and the valve overlap period. Finally, the particle formation process was limited by the increase in the exhaust gas recirculation rate.Bermúdez, V.; Ruiz, S.; Novella Rosa, R.; Soto-Izquierdo, L. (2018). Assessment of air management strategies on particulate number and size distributions from a 2-stroke compression-ignition engine operating with gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion concept. International Journal of Engine Research. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087418802706S12

Estimation of the in-cylinder residual mass fraction at Intake Valve Closing in a 2-stroke High-Speed Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition engine

This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087418813406.[EN] New combustion concepts and engine designs are being currently investigated in order to comply with upcoming pollutant regulations and reduce fuel consumption. In this context, two-stroke architectures appear as a promising solution for the implementation of some combustion concepts. However, scavenging processes in a two-stroke engine are much more challenging than for a four-stroke engine, and the residual mass of burnt gases retained inside the cylinder needs to be properly determined in order to keep control over the in-cylinder composition, hence over the combustion conditions and pollutant emissions. In this study, a new methodology for the estimation of the internal residual gas fraction is introduced, which is based on the thermodynamic processes occurring in the engine investigated and makes use of basic engine instrumentation and measurement equipment usually available in a conventional test cell. Several versions of the estimator were developed so that different requirements could be met, such as those of real-time estimation on an engine test bench but with reduced precision or, on the contrary, highly precise but time-consuming computations for post-processing purposes and combustion diagnosis. The consistency of the internal residual gas estimator was then validated through its application to real engine tests at different operating points.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research has been sponsored by the European Union in framework of the REWARD project, Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 636380. The authors kindly recognize the technical support provided by Mr Gilles Coma and his research group at RENAULT SAS, and also by the research group at IFPEN, along the development of the investigations presented here.Torregrosa, AJ.; Martín, J.; Novella Rosa, R.; Thein, K. (2020). Estimation of the in-cylinder residual mass fraction at Intake Valve Closing in a 2-stroke High-Speed Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition engine. International Journal of Engine Research. 21(5):838-855. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087418813406S838855215Galindo, J., Luján, J. M., Serrano, J. R., & Hernández, L. (2005). Combustion simulation of turbocharger HSDI Diesel engines during transient operation using neural networks. Applied Thermal Engineering, 25(5-6), 877-898. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.08.004Payri, F., Benajes, J., Galindo, J., & Serrano, J. R. (2002). Modelling of turbocharged diesel engines in transient operation. Part 2: Wave action models for calculating the transient operation in a high speed direct injection engine. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 216(6), 479-493. doi:10.1243/09544070260137507Rakopoulos, C. ., Rakopoulos, D. ., Giakoumis, E. ., & Kyritsis, D. . (2004). Validation and sensitivity analysis of a two zone Diesel engine model for combustion and emissions prediction. Energy Conversion and Management, 45(9-10), 1471-1495. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2003.09.012Gatowski JA, Balles EN, Chun KM, Nelson FE, Ekchian JA, Heywood JB. Heat release analysis of engine pressure data. SAE technical paper 841359, 1984.Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., & Hernández, J. J. (1999). Diagnosis of DI Diesel combustion from in-cylinder pressure signal by estimation of mean thermodynamic properties of the gas. Applied Thermal Engineering, 19(5), 513-529. doi:10.1016/s1359-4311(98)00075-1Arrègle, J., López, J. J., Garcı́a, J. M., & Fenollosa, C. (2003). Development of a zero-dimensional Diesel combustion model. Part 1: Analysis of the quasi-steady diffusion combustion phase. Applied Thermal Engineering, 23(11), 1301-1317. doi:10.1016/s1359-4311(03)00079-6Arrègle, J., López, J. J., Garcı́a, J. M., & Fenollosa, C. (2003). Development of a zero-dimensional Diesel combustion model. Applied Thermal Engineering, 23(11), 1319-1331. doi:10.1016/s1359-4311(03)00080-2Li J, Chae JO, Park SB, Paik HJ, Park JK, Jeong YS, et al. Effect of intake composition on combustion and emission characteristics of DI diesel engine at high intake pressure. SAE technical paper 970322, 1997.Brown WL. Methods for evaluating requirements and errors in cylinder pressure measurement. SAE technical paper 670008, 1968.Lancaster DR, Krieger RB, Lienesch JH. Measurement and analysis of engine pressure data. SAE technical paper 750026, 1975.Ghojel, J., & Honnery, D. (2005). Heat release model for the combustion of diesel oil emulsions in DI diesel engines. Applied Thermal Engineering, 25(14-15), 2072-2085. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.01.016Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhen, X., Guan, S., & Wang, J. (2014). Three-dimensional CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis of scavenging process in a two-stroke free-piston engine. Energy, 68, 167-173. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.107Yuan, C., Feng, H., He, Y., & Xu, J. (2016). Combustion characteristics analysis of a free-piston engine generator coupling with dynamic and scavenging. Energy, 102, 637-649. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.131Cheung HM, Heywood JB. Evaluation of a one-zone burn-rate analysis procedure using production SI engine pressure data. SAE technical paper 932749, 1993.Brunt, M. F. J., Rai, H., & Emtage, A. L. (1998). The Calculation of Heat Release Energy from Engine Cylinder Pressure Data. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/981052Payri, F., Molina, S., Martín, J., & Armas, O. (2006). Influence of measurement errors and estimated parameters on combustion diagnosis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 26(2-3), 226-236. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.05.006Broatch, A., Ruiz, S., Margot, X., & Gil, A. (2010). Methodology to estimate the threshold in-cylinder temperature for self-ignition of fuel during cold start of Diesel engines. Energy, 35(5), 2251-2260. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.02.012Olsen, D. B., Hutcherson, G. C., Willson, B. D., & Mitchell, C. E. (2002). Development of the Tracer Gas Method for Large Bore Natural Gas Engines—Part I: Method Validation. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 124(3), 678-685. doi:10.1115/1.1454116Olsen, D. B., Hutcherson, G. C., Willson, B. D., & Mitchell, C. E. (2002). Development of the Tracer Gas Method for Large Bore Natural Gas Engines—Part II: Measurement of Scavenging Parameters. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 124(3), 686-694. doi:10.1115/1.1454117Benajes, J., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., & Carreño, R. (2014). A new methodology for uncertainties characterization in combustion diagnosis and thermodynamic modelling. Applied Thermal Engineering, 71(1), 389-399. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.07.010Payri, F., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., & García, A. (2011). A complete 0D thermodynamic predictive model for direct injection diesel engines. Applied Energy, 88(12), 4632-4641. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.005Benajes, J., Novella, R., De Lima, D., Tribotté, P., Quechon, N., Obernesser, P., & Dugue, V. (2013). Analysis of the combustion process, pollutant emissions and efficiency of an innovative 2-stroke HSDI engine designed for automotive applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 58(1-2), 181-193. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.03.050Benajes, J., Martín, J., Novella, R., & Thein, K. (2016). Understanding the performance of the multiple injection gasoline partially premixed combustion concept implemented in a 2-Stroke high speed direct injection compression ignition engine. Applied Energy, 161, 465-475. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.034Benajes, J., Novella, R., De Lima, D., & Thein, K. (2017). Impact of injection settings operating with the gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion concept in a 2-stroke HSDI compression ignition engine. Applied Energy, 193, 515-530. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.044Galindo, J., Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., & Piqueras, P. (2009). Description of a Semi-Independent Time Discretization Methodology for a One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics Model. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 131(3). doi:10.1115/1.2983015CARREÑO ARANGO, R. (s. f.). A comprehensive methodology to analyse the Global Energy Balance in Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines. doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/73069Benajes, J., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., Blanco-Cavero, D., & Warey, A. (2017). Evaluation of swirl effect on the Global Energy Balance of a HSDI Diesel engine. Energy, 122, 168-181. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.082Payri, F., López, J. J., Martín, J., & Carreño, R. (2018). Improvement and application of a methodology to perform the Global Energy Balance in internal combustion engines. Part 1: Global Energy Balance tool development and calibration. Energy, 152, 666-681. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.11

Experimental Study of Two Air Management Strategies for Emissions Control in Heavy Duty Engines at Medium to High Loads

"This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Energy & Fuels, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/articlesonrequest/index.html"[EN] Different air management strategies, Miller timing and internal EGR (iEGR), have been studied on internal combustion engines with the objective of decreasing NOx emissions. This paper explores heavy duty diesel engine performance by the application of both strategies separately through two different camshaft configurations, mounted and tested in the same engine. On one side, in the case of Miller timing, the early intake valve closing is explored, and on other side, for iEGR, the study is carried out opening the exhaust valve during the intake process. The engine emission and performance study is achieved through the application of a methodology which begins with the selection of the operating points focusing on medium to high loads. It continues with the exploration of different camshaft profiles by mean of a 1D model. Through the 1D model, two camshaft profiles are selected and tested in the test cell, determining the intake valve closing conditions followed by the identification of the thermodynamic behavior during the compression stroke before the injection. Later on, the combustion and emissions formation analysis is performed to conclude with the fuel consumption study for each implemented strategy taking into consideration the important influence of each camshaft profile in the pumping loop. A short discussion on the transient performance effect of each air management strategy completes the scope of the study.Daniel Estepa is partially supported through contract FPI-S2-2015-1091 of Programa de Apoyo para la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID) of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Bermúdez, V.; Molina, S.; Novella Rosa, R.; Estepa-Ruiz, D. (2017). Experimental Study of Two Air Management Strategies for Emissions Control in Heavy Duty Engines at Medium to High Loads. Energy & Fuels. 31(9):10011-10022. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00945S100111002231

Assessing the optimum combustion under constrained conditions

[EN] This work studies the optimum heat release law of a direct injection diesel engine under constrained conditions. For this purpose, a zero-dimensional predictive model of a diesel engine is coupled to an optimization tool used to shape the heat release law in order to optimize some outputs (maximize gross indicated efficiency and minimize NOx emissions) while keeping several restrictions (mechanical limits such as maximum peak pressure and maximum pressure rise rate). In a first step, this methodology is applied under different heat transfer scenarios without restrictions to evaluate the possible gain obtained through the thermal isolation of the combustion chamber. Results derived from this study show that heat transfer has a negative effect on gross indicated efficiency ranging from -4% of the fuel energy (m(f)H(v)), at high engine speed and load, up to -8% m(f)H(v), at low engine speed and load. In a second step, different mechanical limits are applied resulting in a gross indicated efficiency worsening from -1.4% m(f)H(v) up to -2.8% m(f)H(v) compared to the previous step when nominal constraints are applied. In these conditions, a temperature swing coating that covers the piston top and cylinder head is considered obtaining a maximum gross indicated efficiency improvement of +0.5% m(f)H(v) at low load and engine speed. Finally, NOx emissions are also included in the optimization obtaining the expected tradeoff between gross indicated efficiency and NOx. Under this optimization, cutting down the experimental emissions by 50% supposes a gross indicated efficiency penalty up to -8% m(f)H(v) when compared to the optimum combustion under nominal limits, while maintaining the experimental gross indicated efficiency allows to reduce the experimental emissions 30% at high load and 65% at low load and engine speed.This work was partially funded by GM Global R&D and the Government of Spain through Project TRA2017-89894-R. In addition, the authors acknowledge that some equipment used in this work has been partially supported by FEDER project funds (FEDER-ICTS-2012-06), framed in the operational programme of unique scientific and technical infrastructure of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain. Diego Blanco-Cavero is partially supported through contract FPI-S2-2016-1356 of the Programa de Apoyo para la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID) of Universitat Politcenica de Valencia.Olmeda, P.; Martín, J.; Novella Rosa, R.; Blanco-Cavero, D. (2020). Assessing the optimum combustion under constrained conditions. International Journal of Engine Research. 21(5):811-823. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087418814086S811823215Degraeuwe, B., & Weiss, M. (2017). Does the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) really fail to capture the NOX emissions of diesel cars in Europe? Environmental Pollution, 222, 234-241. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.050Benajes, J., García, A., Monsalve-Serrano, J., & Villalta, D. (2018). Exploring the limits of the reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion concept in a light-duty diesel engine and the influence of the direct-injected fuel properties. Energy Conversion and Management, 157, 277-287. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.12.028Kiplimo, R., Tomita, E., Kawahara, N., & Yokobe, S. (2012). Effects of spray impingement, injection parameters, and EGR on the combustion and emission characteristics of a PCCI diesel engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 37, 165-175. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.011Wakisaka, Y., Inayoshi, M., Fukui, K., Kosaka, H., Hotta, Y., Kawaguchi, A., & Takada, N. (2016). Reduction of Heat Loss and Improvement of Thermal Efficiency by Application of «Temperature Swing» Insulation to Direct-Injection Diesel Engines. SAE International Journal of Engines, 9(3), 1449-1459. doi:10.4271/2016-01-0661Caputo, S., Millo, F., Cifali, G., & Pesce, F. C. (2017). Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Different Thermal Insulation Strategies for a Passenger Car Diesel Engine. SAE International Journal of Engines, 10(4), 2154-2165. doi:10.4271/2017-24-0021Payri, F., Olmeda, P., Martin, J., & Carreño, R. (2014). A New Tool to Perform Global Energy Balances in DI Diesel Engines. SAE International Journal of Engines, 7(1), 43-59. doi:10.4271/2014-01-0665Benajes, J., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., Blanco-Cavero, D., & Warey, A. (2017). Evaluation of swirl effect on the Global Energy Balance of a HSDI Diesel engine. Energy, 122, 168-181. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.082RAKOPOULOS, C., & GIAKOUMIS, E. (2006). Second-law analyses applied to internal combustion engines operation. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 32(1), 2-47. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2005.10.001Eriksson, L., & Sivertsson, M. (2015). Computing Optimal Heat Release Rates in Combustion Engines. SAE International Journal of Engines, 8(3), 1069-1079. doi:10.4271/2015-01-0882Eriksson, L., & Sivertsson, M. (2016). Calculation of Optimal Heat Release Rates under Constrained Conditions. SAE International Journal of Engines, 9(2), 1143-1162. doi:10.4271/2016-01-0812Guardiola, C., Climent, H., Pla, B., & Reig, A. (2017). Optimal Control as a method for Diesel engine efficiency assessment including pressure and NO x constraints. Applied Thermal Engineering, 117, 452-461. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.02.056Payri, F., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., & García, A. (2011). A complete 0D thermodynamic predictive model for direct injection diesel engines. Applied Energy, 88(12), 4632-4641. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.005Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., & Hernández, J. J. (1999). Diagnosis of DI Diesel combustion from in-cylinder pressure signal by estimation of mean thermodynamic properties of the gas. Applied Thermal Engineering, 19(5), 513-529. doi:10.1016/s1359-4311(98)00075-1Payri, F., Molina, S., Martín, J., & Armas, O. (2006). Influence of measurement errors and estimated parameters on combustion diagnosis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 26(2-3), 226-236. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.05.006Torregrosa, A. J., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., & Romero, C. (2011). A Tool for Predicting the Thermal Performance of a Diesel Engine. Heat Transfer Engineering, 32(10), 891-904. doi:10.1080/01457632.2011.548639Benajes, J., Novella, R., De Lima, D., & Tribotté, P. (2014). Analysis of combustion concepts in a newly designed two-stroke high-speed direct injection compression ignition engine. International Journal of Engine Research, 16(1), 52-67. doi:10.1177/1468087414562867Benajes, J., Martín, J., Novella, R., & Thein, K. (2016). Understanding the performance of the multiple injection gasoline partially premixed combustion concept implemented in a 2-Stroke high speed direct injection compression ignition engine. Applied Energy, 161, 465-475. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.034Guardiola, C., Martín, J., Pla, B., & Bares, P. (2017). Cycle by cycle NOx model for diesel engine control. Applied Thermal Engineering, 110, 1011-1020. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.170Benajes, J., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., & Carreño, R. (2014). A new methodology for uncertainties characterization in combustion diagnosis and thermodynamic modelling. Applied Thermal Engineering, 71(1), 389-399. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.07.010Torregrosa, A., Olmeda, P., Degraeuwe, B., & Reyes, M. (2006). A concise wall temperature model for DI Diesel engines. Applied Thermal Engineering, 26(11-12), 1320-1327. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.10.021Broatch, A., Olmeda, P., García, A., Salvador-Iborra, J., & Warey, A. (2017). Impact of swirl on in-cylinder heat transfer in a light-duty diesel engine. Energy, 119, 1010-1023. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.040Arrègle, J., López, J. J., Guardiola, C., & Monin, C. (2010). On Board NOx Prediction in Diesel Engines: A Physical Approach. Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, 25-36. doi:10.1007/978-1-84996-071-7_2Steinparzer, F., Nefischer, P., Hiemesch, D., & Rechberger, E. (2016). The New BMW Six-cylinder Top Engine with Innovative Turbocharging Concept. MTZ worldwide, 77(10), 38-45. doi:10.1007/s38313-016-0104-

New Combustion Modelling Approach for Methane-Hydrogen Fueled Engines Using Machine Learning and Engine Virtualization

[EN] The achievement of a carbon-free emissions economy is one of the main goals to reduce climate change and its negative effects. Scientists and technological improvements have followed this trend, improving efficiency, and reducing carbon and other compounds that foment climate change. Since the main contributor of these emissions is transportation, detaching this sector from fossil fuels is a necessary step towards an environmentally friendly future. Therefore, an evaluation of alternative fuels will be needed to find a suitable replacement for traditional fossil-based fuels. In this scenario, hydrogen appears as a possible solution. However, the existence of the drawbacks associated with the application of H-2-ICE redirects the solution to dual-fuel strategies, which consist of mixing different fuels, to reduce negative aspects of their separate use while enhancing the benefits. In this work, a new combustion modelling approach based on machine learning (ML) modeling is proposed for predicting the burning rate of different mixtures of methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2). Laminar flame speed calculations have been performed to train the ML model, finding a faster way to obtain good results in comparison with actual models applied to SI engines in the virtual engine model framework.Molina, S.; Novella Rosa, R.; Gómez-Soriano, J.; Olcina-Girona, M. (2021). New Combustion Modelling Approach for Methane-Hydrogen Fueled Engines Using Machine Learning and Engine Virtualization. Energies. 14(20):1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206732S121142

On the shift of acoustic characteristics of compression-ignited engines when operating with gasoline partially premixed combustion

[EN] As the focus of research and development is put into innovative combustion concepts with the goal of reducing harmful chemical pollutants while keeping or even improving the efficiency of conventional Diesel combustion, it is necessary to consider the impact on noise pollution brought by those innovative concepts. However, the question arises as to what extent the noise characterization and optimization strategies currently applied to conventional Diesel compression-ignited engines are applicable to these innovative combustion concepts. In this paper, we apply experimental noise characterization techniques based on pressure trace decomposition to two compression-ignited engines: a baseline conventional Diesel engine and an innovative 2-stroke engine operating with the gasoline partially premixed combustion concept. Analysis of the results reveals that the underlying physical phenomena responsible for the spectral signature of the noise are still shared between the new and the conventional concepts. However, results evince a significant change in the relevance of these physical sources, leading to necessary changes in optimization strategies for future compression-ignited engine development.The equipment used in this work has been partially supported by FEDER project funds "Dotacion de infraestructuras cientifico tecnicas para el Centro Integral de Mejora Energetica y Medioambiental de Sistemas de Transporte (CiMeT)" [Grant No. FEDER-ICTS-2012-06], framed in the operational program of unique scientific and technical infrastructure of the Spanish Government. J. Gomez-Soriano is partially supported through the Programa de Apoyo para la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID) of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia [Grant No. FPI-S2-2016-1353]Broatch, A.; Novella Rosa, R.; Garcia Tiscar, J.; Gómez-Soriano, J. (2019). On the shift of acoustic characteristics of compression-ignited engines when operating with gasoline partially premixed combustion. Applied Thermal Engineering. 146:223-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.09.089S22323114